Biological Systems

Biological SystemsBiological Systems

990C234

03BIMEB506

櫻井　雅之

Daisuke Kitamura, Takeshi Nakamura, Tomokatsu Ikawa, Masayuki Sakurai, Ryo Goitsuka, Tsuyoshi Nitta, Yasutaka Motomura, Masato Kubo, Yuya Terashima, Shuhei Ogawa, Satoshi Ueha, Akihiko Yoshimura, Shunsuke Kon, Atsushi Ochiai, Hiroshi Haeno

2025年度後期

2025年度

②Second semester

水曜1限

Sunday 6th Period

生命科学研究科　生命科学専攻

Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Biological Sciences

2.0単位

講義

Lecture

英語　English

① [対面]対面授業/ [On-site] On-site class

Living organisms respond and influence on stimuli and information from the outside world, and cooperation of various elementary processes such as cell differentiation, proliferation, and cell death occur. Consequently, maintenance and regeneration of tissues and organs are continually occurred based on homeostatic regulation. There are systems as individual cells and dynamic systems that should be succeeded to next generations.
In this course, students can understand the basics of the life system.

In this course, students will understand the basic knowledge of life system such as gene, genome, transcription, the epigenetic control, structure and function of the protein, and signal transduction mechanism related to cell function. In addition, students will obtain basic and public knowledge such as the onset mechanisms of diseases caused by the dysregulation of homeostasis, and the development of new therapeutic strategies.

This is the subject that corresponds to the Diploma Policy "It is possible to understand the cutting-edge knowledge of the life sciences systematically, and possible to accumulate experiences about the various issues related to life sciences" in the Graduate School.

１）Students will be able to outline the repair and maintenance mechanism of the genome, and the gene expression control including epigenetics.
２）Students will be able to outline the basic structure and the high-order structure formation of a protein, and the association with the function.
３）Students can outline the established mechanism of the hematopoietic system and immune system, with taking the dynamic system as an example, which is established by the cell-to-cell communication.
４）Students will be able to outline the pathological expression mechanism associated with the collapse of the system and the development and clinical application of new therapeutic strategies “with taking the human genome and cancer treatment as examples”.

リンク先の [評価項目と科目の対応一覧]から確認できます（学部対象）。
履修登録の際に参照ください。
​You can check this from “Correspondence table between grading items and subjects” by following the link(for departments).
https://www.tus.ac.jp/fd/ict_tusrubric/​​​

*Note that this course is almost equivalent context to “生命システム論” on Wednesday 5th period. We recommend to take 生命システム論" instead of this course unless you are not able to understandJapanese at all. "生命システム論" is basically performed in English.
**Unless an international student who can not understand Japanese at all selects this course, We will not hold it.Once it is determined to be held, any students can take the course.


In taking this course, you would better to have basic knowledge about biochemistry, molecular genetics, cell biology, biophysical chemistry. Your active participation in the lecture, especially in the discussion, will be expected with your own preparation as well as review before and after the lecture.

課題に対する作文　Essay／小テストの実施　Quiz type test／ディベート・ディスカッション　Debate/Discussion

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The content of lecture will be uploaded on the CLASS system before the lecture for your preparation and review.

To be evaluated by internal report or test (80%) and positiveness of participation in discussion (20%)

・S：到達目標を十分に達成し、極めて優秀な成果を収めている
・A：到達目標を十分に達成している
・B：到達目標を達成している
・C：到達目標を最低限達成している
・D：到達目標を達成していない
・-：学修成果の評価を判断する要件を欠格している

・S：Achieved outcomes, excellent result
・A：Achieved outcomes, good result
・B：Achieved outcomes
・C：Minimally achieved outcomes
・D：Did not achieve outcomes
・-：Failed to meet even the minimal requirements for evaluation

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教科書および一部の参考書は、MyKiTS (教科書販売サイト) から検索・購入可能です。
​https://gomykits.kinokuniya.co.jp/tokyorika/​​​

It is possible to search for and purchase textbooks and certain reference materials at MyKiTS (online textbook store).
​​https://gomykits.kinokuniya.co.jp/tokyorika/

The followings are recommended to read.

Molecular Biology of the Cell (6th Edition), B. Alberts et al. （Garland Science）
Molecular Biology of the Gene (7th Edition), J.D. Watson et al. (Benjamin Cummings)
Janeway's Immunobiology (8th edition), K. Murphy (Garland Science)
Cellular and Molecular Immunology (8th edition), A.K. Abbas et al (Saunders)

1.
Structure and function of the gene: KITAMURA Daisuke
Students will understand the structure and function of genes in the genome and the major genetic engineering technology.

2.
New imaging technology for life system analysis: NAKANURA Takeshi
State-of-the-art imaging technology (two-photon excitation microscope, super-resolution microscope, FRET imaging, etc.) is effective for analyzing the life system from molecules to cells and whole animals. Students will be able to understand the fundamentals of the microscope and the outline of these imaging techniques.

3.
Epigenetic control in developmental biology: IKAWA Tomokatsu”
In differentiation process of stem cells, epigenetic control is necessary switch to read necessary information on the genomic DNA. Students will understand the molecular mechanism of epigenetic regulation, including DNA methylation and histone modification, in cell maintenance and differentiation.

4.
Gene regulation by RNA editing: SAKURAI Masayuki
RNA transcribed from DNA that consists of four bases of A, G, C and U, and current technological advance indicate that chemical modification and secondary structure of various bases have effect on protein expression and cellular homeostasis. Students can learn mechanism and novel technology for RNA editing.

5.
Stem cell biology: GOITSUKA Ryo
Tissue stem cells represented by hematopoietic stem cells are important groups of cells to maintain homeostasis of the living organism. Students will understand the development and maintenance of stem cells, and the relationship of stem cells and the microenvironment.

6.
Self/non-self discrimination by the immune system: NITTA Takeshi
Self/non-self discrimination by the immune system involves various biological processes including recombination of genomic DNA, protein degradation, organ development, and cell-cell interactions.  By describing these processes, this lecture will provide the basis and up-to-date insights of molecular, biochemical, cellular, and evolutionary biology.

7.
Innate lymphoid cells in tissue homeostasis and diseases: MOTOMURA Yasutaka
Unlike T cells and B cells, innate lymphoid cells are unable to recognize foreign antigens, but respond to cytokines, lipids, and neuropeptides to regulate immune responses. Students will understand the role of innate lymphoid cells in maintaining tissue homeostasis and in various immune diseases.　

8.
Cytokines and disease; New insight in allergy: KUBO Masato
Students will understand the mechanism of diseases caused by the dysregulation of cytokines. Also, students will understand the current status of medical care with biologic targeting cytokine function. Moreover, students will understand the molecular basis of many allergic diseases.

9.
Regulation of inflammation and immunity by cytokines and chemokines:TERASHIMA Yuya
Most of the human diseases are inflammatory and immune diseases. Tissue infiltration of specific types of leukocytes underlies the inflammatory and immune responses to invasive stress. In this lecture, students will learn basic mechanisms of the inflammatory and immune responses regulated by cytokines and chemokines, and understand the bases for disease treatments which target cytokines and chemokines.

10.
Acquired immune response and signaling：OGAWA Syuuhei
Students will understand what molecule is activated and transmitted, when the signal is transmitted from antigen receptor, auxiliary signal molecule, and the cytokine receptor. Students will understand what kind of role the activation of each signaling pathway perform for the activation and expression function in T cells and B cells.

11.
Population dynamics of macrophages and dendritic cells in vivo: UEHA Satoshi
Macrophages and dendritic cells play a pivotal role in the regulation of inflammatory and immune responses. In this lecture, students learn the origin of macrophages and dendritic cells and mechanisms underlying their recruitment to the inflammatory site. Through this lecture, students will understand the potential of macrophages and dendritic cells as a therapeutic target of inflammatory and immune diseases.

12.
Molecular Mechanisms of Immune Tolerance: YOSHIMURA Akihiko
Immune tolerance is a state in which the immune system does not react to substances that should be harmless, such as self or food. When this breaks down, autoimmune diseases and allergies occur. We will gain a better understanding of this at the molecular and cellular levels.

13.
Cell competition and carcinogenesis: KON Shunsuke
This class starts with general remarks on oncogenesis and tumor progression, and mainly deals with cell competition between normal and transformed epithelial cells.　

14.
Cancer Microenvironment: OCHIAI Atsushi
Cancer is a “Cancer tissue” that composed of cancer cells, fibroblasts, blood vessels inflammatory cells and their extracellular matrices. You will learn the importance of cancer microenvironment on understanding cancer biology and development of new diagnostics and therapeutics for cancer patients.

15.
Data science and mathematical modeling in life sciences: HAENO Hiroshi
Large datasets about DNA mutations, gene expression, and so on have become easily available due to the development of measurement technology. In this lecture, students will learn how to analyze such big data, understand the evolutionary dynamics of tumor progression from initiation to diagnosis, and acquire basic knowledge about immunity as a defense mechanism against non-self organisms.

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